Stripped Down – Season 1
Jax’s emotions lead to a performance that might cost him his job.
Crush Daddy
Self
Damien Lenore
Ellie Lei
Thomas Shute
Silas Waller
Tarzan
Santi
Matt Cullen
19 Sept 2003
10 Apr 1995
05 Dec 2006
09 Sept 2021
16 Dec 1975
26 Jul 2005
03 Oct 2004
22 Nov 2022
08 Jan 2019
20 Sept 1984
06 Sept 1976
11 Sept 2000
01 Jan 1964
10 Oct 2016
14 Jan 1972
07 Oct 2021
28 May 2025
09 Nov 1982
22 Jan 2020
05 Oct 2001